The Christian response to sex education
By
ES Williams
In the Oxford History of England, Sir
Robert Ensor reaches the conclusion: ‘No one will ever understand Victorian
England who does not appreciate that among highly civilised countries it was one
of the most religious that the world has known. Moreover, its particular type
of Christianity laid a direct emphasis upon conduct…’[i]
David Edwards, in his three volumes on Christian England, concludes that
Victorian England for all its faults was one of the peaks of Christian
civilisation.
Towards the end of the 19th century,
while Nietzsche and Freud were developing their amoral philosophies in Europe, a
small group of ‘new men’ and ‘new women’ were emerging in England who were
determined to liberate society from what they saw as repressive biblical
morality. Consistent with Nietzsche’s amoral philosophy they sought liberation
from the old moral code as it applied to sexual behaviour.
The Christian consensus on sexual morality was
under threat. The revolutionaries were against marriage, which oppressed women,
and the authoritarian family. They wanted sexual freedom, what they called
‘free love’. Many wanted homosexuality to become socially acceptable. They
were, in fact, the pioneers of the sexual revolution that was to strike with
such force in the 1960s and 70s. But why such hatred towards marriage and the
family?
Biblical teaching on sexual
conduct
One of the great triumphs of the Christian
Church has been its influence on sexual conduct. For a thousand years the
people of this land have accepted that the Bible provides the only sure guide
for sexual behaviour. In the past, many of the laws that relate to sexual
conduct, marriage and the family were based on biblical principles.
Sexual purity
The Christian Church has always believed and
taught that sexual purity is the foundation of marriage. ‘But among you there
must not be even a hint of sexual immorality, or any kind of impurity… these
things are improper for God’s holy people (Ephesians 5:3). And ‘Marriage should
be honoured by all, and the marriage bed kept pure, for God will judge the
adulterer and all the sexually immoral’ (Hebrews 13:4). It was widely
acknowledge that impurity, sexual immorality, fornication and adultery are the
enemies of marriage. God’s plan for marriage cannot flourish in a society in
which sexual immorality is accepted as the norm.
Christian virtues
Christian sexual conduct is expressed in four
virtues—modesty, chivalry, chastity and fidelity. While each virtue applies to
an aspect of sexual behaviour, together they form a coherent inner belief system
that witnesses to God’s holiness, and sets a standard that gives meaning to
marriage and the family. Modesty is the virtue that enhances the inner beauty
of women. It reveals itself in the way a woman behaves, dresses, and speaks.
It recognises the rightful purpose of sex as something private, mysterious, and
meant for the relationship between husband and wife. Modesty discourages lust
and encourages faithful love. Chivalry is the virtue that teaches men to relate
to women with honour and respect. It gives men the inner motivation to practise
self-control, honesty and decency in relationships. Chastity is a way of life
that seeks after God’s holiness. Based in the desire for sexual purity, it
welcomes the discipline of self-control and self-denial. Fidelity rejoices in
the lifelong nature of the marriage union, and so provides security for all
members of the family.
Modesty and chivalry are the roots from which
the virtues of chastity and fidelity grow, flourish and bear the fruits of
marital faithfulness and family security. Marriage and the family flourish when
all four virtues are practised. And most important of all, these are the
Christian virtues that guard children from danger and abuse—they provide
children with God-given security, protecting them from the ravages that result
from sexual immorality. In his great wisdom, God has instituted moral laws
around human sexual conduct that preserve marriage, secure the family and
protect children. These virtues are based in the holy, righteous character of
God, and are reflected in his moral law. It is this moral law that the sexual
revolution seeks to destroy.
In my first talk we saw that the message of sex
education is fundamentally amoral. In Lessons in Depravity I concluded
that sex education is a product of the sexual revolution against biblical
standards, and so its real objective is to promote the amoral ideology of
the revolution.
Sex education and the sexual revolution
Some people will be surprised at this
conclusion, for it is widely believed in society that sex education is essential
to help young people cope with modern life. So it is necessary to examine an
example that shows, in the clearest terms, the relationship between sex
education and the sexual revolution. This point is of the utmost importance,
for we will not response adequately unless we understand this relationship. As
I will demonstrate later, some Christians who have failed to grasp this
relationship and have been seduced into joining the sex education bandwagon.
In 1978 Virago Press published the sex education
manual Make it Happy by Jane Cousins. It won The Times
Educational Supplement’s Book Award. According to the blurb, the manual is
‘written for teenagers, their parents and teachers and for anyone else who wants
to know the basic facts’.[ii]
Dr Peter Jackson of the FPA praises Make it Happy as ‘a book that should
be in every teenager’s library.’ Joan Bakewell endorses the book as ‘friendly,
uncondescending and direct – a good start for teenagers in search of basic
facts’.[iii]
Without doubt, this book meets with the unqualified support of the sex education
movement. Indeed, the Health Education Council was so impressed with Make it
Happy that it was promoted in their list of sex education resources.
An analysis of Make it Happy shows the
following: First, it provides teenagers with the most wide-ranging, explicit,
factual information about sex that could enter anyone’s mind, including
information on bestiality, incest and paedophilia. Second, it supports Alfred
Kinsey’s view of sexuality as a continuum with bisexuality as the norm.
Teenagers are informed that, ‘Many people if left to their own natural instincts
might find they were bisexual and could enjoy relationships with women and men.’[iv]
Third, the language is explicit and coarse.
Indeed, the explicit tone of the book can be judged from the fact that it
contains an explicit picture of two naked men that leaves nothing to the
imagination.[v]
Fourth, the ethic that permeates the book is
that teenagers are free to do whatever they want to, whatever feels right in
their own eyes. ‘Whether you want sex and how far you want to go
[depends] on how you feel in yourself as an individual…’[vi]
The amoral tone of Make it Happy is so
disturbing that it was labelled as obscene in the House of Commons, and the
Health Education Council was told by the Government to withdraw it from their
reading list. This they failed to do.
The book effectively teaches teenagers the
ideology of the sexual revolution. Having provided children with an
encyclopaedic knowledge on sex, they are told they should do what they want,
it is their own decision and nobody else should influence the way they
behave.
The propaganda of sex education
The Family Planning Association and Brook were
the first organisations to use propaganda techniques to promote the messages of
the sexual revolution. While these organisations are ideologically committed to
the revolution they do not openly declare their intentions. Instead, they
achieve their objectives by means of a propaganda war—the main vehicle for their
indoctrination is what has come to be known as ‘sex education’.
One of the most common of propaganda devices is
the use of virtuous words. By this device the sex propagandist identifies his
programme with favourable words such as ‘family’ and ‘education’. It is
instructive to note that the Birth Control Council changed its name to the
‘Family’ Planning Association. It was a propaganda masterstroke for an
organisation promoting the ideals of the sexual revolution to associate itself
with the word ‘family’, a word that has favourable connotations in our minds.
Notice the incredible irony that the unmarried teenager who uses contraceptives
to avoid becoming pregnant is said to be practising ‘family’ planning. Who would
suspect that the ideology of the ‘Family’ Planning Association is intent on
undermining the traditional family?
The phrase ‘sex education’ also has real
propaganda value in that the majority of people accept that education must be a
good thing. Linking the words ‘sex’ and ‘education’ was another brilliant
propaganda move by the sexual revolutionaries, for by making sex an academic
subject to be taught in schools it legitimised the agenda of the sexual
revolution. The open and explicit discussion of sex became acceptable when it
was done under the umbrella of sex education.
The demoralisation of sex
A key aim of the sexual revolution is the
demoralisation of sexual behaviour. It is essential to understand this point.
The sexual revolution wants sex without moral restraint.
The IPPF believes that it is always a mistake
to enter into debates on questions of morality. Instead, the approach of those
who advocate contraception for children, abortion and sex education should be to
insist on free and informed choice.[vii]
This is an interesting admission for it shows that the IPPF and its constituent
FPAs are striving to demoralise all discussions on contraception, abortion and
sex education. They are uncomfortable entering into moral debates for fear that
the immorality of their ideology will be revealed when exposed to biblical
truth.
While the anti-Christian position of the
revolutionaries is obvious, and they do not try to hide their hatred of
traditional Christian morality, the sex educators, as propagandists for the
revolution, are more careful about revealing their hostility to the Christian
faith. They use of a number of subtle devices or ploys to demoralise sexual
conduct. The first is to claim that sex education should be value-free and
non-judgemental. This means that no sexual practices can be condemned as wrong
or immoral. But this approach is unpopular for most parents want sex education
to be taught within a moral framework.
Positive morality
The next approach is to say that sex education
should be taught in a ‘positive’ moral framework, without specifying what that
moral framework should be. This has deceived many people, for they assume that
in the UK this means a Christian moral framework. But this is not the case.
What most people do not know is that a so-called ‘positive morality’ is a
feature of the pagan creed, often expressed by the phrase ‘do what you want, as
long as it harms none’. Another feature of paganism is that it avoids a list of
thou-shalt-nots,[viii]
a pejorative phrase for God’s moral law. So the ideology of sex education,
which claims to teach children positive values, which avoids judgemental
thou-shalt-nots, and which encourages children to do as they want, is
perfectly consistent with the pagan ethic. Positive values have nothing to do
with biblical morality.
Values clarification
Another technique used by sex education is that
of values clarification. It is a technique that seeks to challenge traditional
moral standards that children have been taught by their parents. Everything a
child has been taught about morality, sexual conduct, family and parents is
taken apart and ‘clarified’. Doubt is cast on all moral teaching, and children
are left with the clear impression that, as there is no absolute moral law, they
are free to develop their own system of values and beliefs. The
assumption underlying values clarification is a point of view that promotes
moral relativism.
Self-esteem
Another method of demoralising sexual conduct is
the appeal to self-esteem. Guidance from the Department of Education emphasises
the importance of building self-esteem in school children. The appeal to
self-esteem persuades young people that their sexual choices should be made on
the basis of how they feel about themselves and not on any objective moral
standard. The self-esteem approach avoids warning children that certain
behaviours are wrong, because to do so would make them feel bad about themselves
and lower their self-esteem. Many New Age techniques are used to promote
positive self-esteem.
The effect of demoralising sex is that no
conduct is, of itself, wrong. It follows that sex education does not teach that
promiscuous sex, homosexuality, abortion, cohabitation or adultery is wrong. In
the view of sex education the only problem with promiscuity is that it may
result in an unintended pregnancy or STD, and provided that these problems can
be avoided by contraception, there is nothing intrinsically wrong with
promiscuity. Demoralisation allows children to be taught anything about
sex—there is no boundary. Consequently, explicit sexual images and lewd
language, which would be regarded as pornographic outside the school classroom,
are justified in the name of sex education.
Making
‘informed’ choices
Having demoralised sexual conduct, sex education
promotes the dogma of ‘informed choice’ to help children make decisions about
sexual behaviour. A teenager is presented with a variety of ‘morally
equivalent’ options from which to make an ‘informed choice’. For example, a
teenager presented with the options of abstaining or having sex, and given a
range of facts about sex and contraception to help with the decision. The
options are presented in a morally neutral framework. In other words, both are
viable options and the choice a teenager makes is not really important—as the
HEA puts it: ‘If you’ve decided you’re not ready for sex them fine.’[ix]
What is important is that she makes her own decision, not influenced by
anybody else, and especially not by the teachings of the Bible or the
traditional views of her parents. And if a teenager becomes pregnant, sex
education offers her three options from which to make her ‘informed choice’—she
can keep the baby, put it up for adoption or have an abortion. Teenagers are
persuaded that their ‘informed decision’ is a morally neutral action—they are
not warned of the moral consequences.
The false presuppositions of sex education
The messages of sex education are based on three
false assumptions. The first is that it is natural for children to be sexually
promiscuous, the second is that children are sexually ignorant. The third
assumption, which follows on from the first two, is that children need to be
educated in the skills of ‘safer sex’ to avoid sexual tragedies.
The
fallacy that sexual promiscuity is natural
Sex education assumes that it is inevitable that
young people are sexually active. That is, promiscuity is the norm. So the
issue is simply to prevent them from becoming pregnant.
But the assumption that children are basically
amoral is false, for human beings, created in the image of God, have a
conscience that writes the law of God in their hearts. Even those who are not
Christians know in their conscience that sex outside marriage is wrong. And
those children who have been taught the basics of biblical morality have a
tender conscience that warns them against promiscuity—they know in their inner
being that it is wrong to have casual sex. Young girls, in particular, have a
natural aversion to promiscuity, for they have an innate fear of becoming
pregnant. They know that sex may result in pregnancy, and they fear the
consequences of becoming an unmarried mother, or, worse, of having an abortion.
This fear acts as a natural restraint against promiscuous sex. However, it is
not only the fear of pregnancy that acts as a natural restraint, but also the
knowledge that to ‘have sex’ is a huge life-changing step, from which there is
no returning. Such a decision cannot be taken lightly and in their hearts most
women want to remain chaste until they are married.
The fallacy of sexual ignorance
Sex education assumes that ignorance is a major
cause of sexual tragedies. According to the Government one of the main reasons
for the high teenage pregnancy rate is ignorance—‘young people lack accurate
knowledge about contraception…’[x]
On the strength of this false assumption, sex education has deceived most people
into believing that children need to be taught the facts about sex and
contraception. But this is a lie.
While sex education gives children facts
about sex, it does not tell them the truth about the consequences of sexual
immorality. The underlying agenda of the sex educator is to use sexual facts to
introduce amoral, unnatural sexual thoughts into the minds of innocent children
on the pretext of giving them ‘truth’. Here
it is important to make the distinction between facts and truth,
for ‘facts’ are not truth. Facts can be used, and are used, to corrupt and
deprave, whereas truth always has a moral dimension and never corrupts. Truth
is based in God’s word and always promotes sexual morality and what is decent,
pure and right. Facts, on the other hand, contain no moral dimension and may be
used to promote immorality.
So facts about sex, without the moral
implications that flow from those facts, do not constitute truth, but a pathway
to sexual temptation. The sexual facts imparted by sex education undermine
sexual purity and invite lustful thoughts. The real purpose of the facts,
so beloved by the sex educators, is to gradually introduce children into the
perverted mindset of the sexual revolutionaries.
The fallacy of ‘safer sex’
Another assumption of sex education is that
contraception prevents sexual tragedies. Sex education dogma consistently
repeats the mantra, ‘condoms prevent pregnancy and STDs’. And so few people
realise that most teenagers who become pregnant have been using contraception.
An assessment of contraception in the UK describes a failure rate of between 10
and 19% per year for women of who use condoms for contraception. And the
failure rate among teenagers is higher.[xi]
This means that about one in six teenagers who depend upon condoms for
contraception are at risk of pregnancy during each year of sexual activity.
When I was Director of Public Health for Croydon
Health Authority, all the evidence I came across convinced me of the inability
of contraception to avoid pregnancies among teenagers. To demonstrate this
point I examined the relationship between the use of condoms at first sexual
intercourse, and the conception rate among under 16-year-olds, for the period
1975 to 1991. My letter, published in the British Medical Journal,
showed a remarkably powerful correlation between the two trends, with
pregnancies increasing (not decreasing) with increasing condom
use.[xii]
A feasible explanation is that the promotion of contraception among the young
has contributed to an increase in promiscuous sexual behaviour, which in turn
has inevitably contributed to the increase in teenage pregnancies. The letter
concludes, ‘Sex education and the national campaign to promote contraception
through safer sex campaigns have undoubtedly been successful in increasing the
proportion of teenagers who use condoms. Most people assume that increasing the
use of contraception leads to a reduction in unplanned pregnancies. Yet my
analysis shows that this has not happened. A plausible explanation is that the
main factor in unplanned teenage pregnancy is contraceptive failure, not the
lack of contraceptive knowledge and availability.’[xiii]
Sex
education and the Church
We now have the situation in the UK where few
Christians are prepared to tackle the moral evils associated with sex
education. There is virtually no Christian opposition to the claim that
children need to receive sex education in school. While acknowledging the
shortcomings of secular sex education and accepting that some resource materials
are too explicit, most Christians believe that the basic aims of sex education
are, in fact, good. Many feel that children should be taught the facts of life
and need to understand their sexuality in order to have successful
relationships. So the issue is to develop a ‘Christian’ version of sex
education that avoids the excesses of the secular sex educators such as Brook
and the FPA. What is surprising about this approach is that it seems oblivious
to the amorality that is such a feature of sex education.
The leading Christian organisations involved in
sex education are Christian Action, Research and Education (CARE) and the Oasis
Trust, founded by Steve Chalke. Both have sex education programmes which teach
a wide range of sexual facts, promote abstinence as an option, and invite young
people to make ‘healthy, informed choice’ based on self-esteem. None use the
Scriptures in a meaningful way, and none warn of the dangers of sexual
immorality.
CARE and sex education
CARE claims that, although there is debate as to
the best methods of reducing teenage pregnancies, ‘there is no doubt that
schools are recognised as having a part to play. Sex education is not an issue
that can be ignored!’[xiv]
CARE believes that ‘appropriate sex education can take place at school from age
5’.[xv]
‘Clear, unembarrassed appropriate early sex education provides a good foundation
for more detail at secondary school age… Older children can learn more explicit
details about sex in the context of loving relationships, with as much emphasis
placed on the emotional aspects of teenage sex, pregnancy and abortion, as well
as the physical.’[xvi]
Christian Aid promotes ABC
And looking beyond the UK we see Christian Aid
promoting a condom based approach in Africa with the blessing of the Archbishop
of Cape Town. Christian Aid advocates a vigorous programme of sex education
that promotes abstinence, faithfulness and safer sex. It ensures that children
from the age of 10 years have all the information and skills they need about sex
and contraception, and teaches children the life skills to communicate about
sex, to say “no”, and to negotiate safer sex.[xviii]
So the final amoral approach to sex education
has been to develop a so-called ‘Christian’ version which promotes abstinence as
a positive, healthy choice, and at the same time teaches children about condoms
and the message of ‘safer sex’. So is there a Christian version of sex
education? Of course not. Sex education is an ideological weapon of the sexual
revolution and should be expose for the moral evil that it is, and not
whitewashed with a veneer of Christian jargon.
The folly of
abstinence education
There is now a major movement among sex
educators, both secular and ‘Christian’ to promote abstinence as the answer to
the problem of teenage sexual tragedies.
Abstinence is often part of the ABC approach—that is, abstain, be faithful and
condoms. Many Christians are deceived into believing that abstinence and
chastity are the same thing. But this is not the case.
Abstinence is a lifestyle choice to refrain
from certain sexual activities for an unspecified period. There are two
approaches. Abstinence-only, where the focus is on encouraging teenagers not to
have sex, and equipping them with skills such as assertiveness and self-esteem
to fulfil this goal. Abstinence-plus programmes present the same message but
also provide information and advice on contraception.[xix]
The meaning of abstinence is unclear. According to the sex education programme
Love for Life, ‘abstinence may be defined in a variety of different
ways. It can mean no sexual touching at all, some sexual touching, or
everything except penetrative sexual intercourse. This can be very confusing as
you try to make choices for yourself regarding the decision to be abstinent or
not…’[xx]
Most abstinence programmes use an appeal to
self-esteem to encourage teenagers to make an informed decision to
with regard to sexual behaviour. The message is fundamentally amoral, and many
abstinence programmes go out of their way to state that they are not motivated
by moral considerations, but are purely health orientated.
The error of the mad prophet
Balaam
Today the spirit of the mad prophet Balaam has
invaded the Church. The Scriptures give the strongest warning against the error
of Balaam in 2 Peter: 15-16, Jude 11 and Revelation 2:14. For the sake of
financial gain, to please a pagan king, and because he loved the wages of
unrighteousness, he taught the people of God to sin by committing sexual
immorality. Many sex education programmes developed by so-called Christian
organisations are substantially the same as those of the secular sex educators.
Many are deceived into following the shameful ways of the sexual revolution and
are bringing the way of the truth into disrepute. They have left the straight
way and wandered off to follow the way of Balaam of Beor (2 Peter 2:15). While
it is true that Christian sex educators avoid the more blatant, explicit
practises of the Brook and FPA, their underlying messages are the same.
In my view the threat imposed by so-called
‘Christian’ sex education is greater than that of the secular educators. At
least the secular sex educators are openly amoral, and it is fairly easy to see
that their message is anti-Christian. They are, after all, promoting a sexual
revolution against biblical morality. We know that they are the enemies of the
Gospel of Christ. The Christian sex educators, on the other hand, have an
appearance of respectability as they teach their ‘nice’ version of sex education
in the name of the Christian Church. Their sex education programmes are replete
with words such as ‘abstinence’, ‘healthy choice’, ‘positive values’,
‘appropriate sex education’, ‘informed decision’, ‘self-esteem’, but behind this
facade of words is the amoral teaching of the sexual revolution. The apostle
Jude warns of those who have ‘slipped in secretly among you. They are godless
men, who change the grace of our God into a licence for immorality’ (Jude 4).
What is so tragic is that these amoral ‘Christian’ sex education programmes are
being funded by donations from Christian people. And worst is the fact that
most churches are content with the status quo, are content to leave the moral
instruction of the nation’s children in the hands of these compromised
organisations. God is not pleased! Their folly must be made plain to all.
What is the responsibility of the true
church?
Let us first consider parental responsibility.
It is the responsibility of all parents to teach their children a moral
framework on which to base their lives, and this is especially true when it
comes to sexual conduct. The Christian home is a means of bringing children up
in the training and instruction of the Lord. The assertion of the sex education
movement that parents should talk to their children about sex is contrary to
biblical teaching. In biblical times it was the Canaanites who were obsessed
with sex and used children in sexual rituals. The people of God, on the other
hand, talked to their children about the law of God and instructed them in the
moral standards by which they ought to live. Obviously parents give advice to
their children at the appropriate time.
Children from single parent families need to be
taught to truth about marriage and the family. Most long for something better
for their children.
School sex education
This presents a real problem for parents.
Schools differ considerably in what and how they teach sex education. I believe
that if that sex education is extremely vulnerable to a moral challenge. There
is nothing that sex education fears more than having there messages being
exposed to the light of biblical truth. The leaflet Sex education and the
Bible has been written in order to expose sex education to the light of
God’s Word. If a large number of parents object to the amoral, ‘safer sex’
message the sex educators will be put under pressure to change. School
governors are ideally placed to question the moral framework of the sex
education programme. Make the school aware of God’s truth. Ask if children can
be given a truly informed choice by presenting the tradition view of morality as
taught in the Bible.
Withdrawing children can be a very lonely,
difficult path, for children may face ridicule and persecution. But if enough
Christians do so the Government will get the message that parents will not stand
for their children being indoctrinated by the false claims of the ‘safer sex’
message. Nevertheless, even if children are withdrawn, they will still be
taught the essential message of safer sex as part of the national curriculum.
The Church
The Church must teach God’s truth with regard to
sexual conduct. We must teach the virtues that the sexual revolution is seeking
to destroy. I would encourage church leaders to give special attention to this
matter. About 6 million items of literature are distributed annually promoting
the sexual revolution. We need a Christian response; we need develop literature
for young people that expose the false messages of sex education and teaches
God’s standards. Christians in education and health must take opportunities to
witness to God’s truth.
The Church must exercise a prophetic ministry
in society, exposing and condemning the evil of sex education. We must warn
society of the danger of widespread sexual immorality. The God of the Bible
hates evil, and in Deuteronomy six times commands his people to purge the evil
from among them. God in his goodness and holiness is actively and intensely set
against evil. In view of God’s holiness the Christian has an obligation to
expose the fruitlessly deeds of darkness and to oppose their wicked practices.
There can be no compromise with the detestable teachings of sex education. The
struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the spiritual forces of
evil in the heavenly realms. Sex education is one of the devil’s cunning
schemes we are warned about in the sixth chapter of Ephesians. To take a stand
against this evil we need the full armour of God—the belt of truth, the
breastplate of righteousness, the shield of faith and the helmet of salvation.
The weapon with which to attack the forces of evil is the sword of the Spirit,
which is the word of God. ‘This is the judgement: the light has come into the
world, but people preferred darkness to light because their deeds were evil.
Wrongdoers hate the light and avoid it, for fear their misdeeds should be
exposed’ (John 3:19-20). With the full armour of God the Christian Church
should take a stand against the evil of sex education.
Return to top of page
[i]
RKA Ensor, England 1870-1914, Oxford, 1936, p 137
[ii]
Jane Cousins, Make it Happy, Virago, London, p2
[vii]
The Human Right to Family Planning, International Planned
Parenthood Federation, 1984, p32
[viii]
The Pagan Federation website, paganfed.demon.co.uk
[ix]
Sexual health matters for young women, Health Education
Authority, inside front cover
[x]
Teenage pregnancy, HMSO, London, June 1999, p7
[xi]
Ashton JR, Marchbank A, Mawle P, Hotchkiss J. Family Planning,
Abortion and Fertility Services Health Care Needs Assessment vol.
2. Radcliffe Medical Press, 1994, p588
[xii]
Williams ES, Pregnant teenagers and contraception. Contraceptive
failure may be a major factor in teenage pregnancy, BMJ 1995; 311: p
806-7 (letter, 23 September)
[xiv]
Your school and sex education, CARE, 1996, p3
[xvii]
Evaluate policy, aims and code of conduct
[xix]
Dr TG Stammers, Abstinence under fire, Post Medical Journal, PMJ,
2003, 79: 365-6
[xx]
Love for life website, What is abstinence?
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